Explain the principles and clinical indications of blood transfusion and its role in modern medicine.
Identify the major UK governance frameworks (e.g. NHSBT, MHRA, SHOT) and legal requirements supporting safe transfusion practice.
Demonstrate safe procedures for patient identification, blood sampling, prescription, bedside administration, and traceability.
Describe the characteristics, indications, and handling requirements for various blood components including red cells, platelets, FFP, cryoprecipitate, and Anti-D immunoglobulin.
Recognise signs and symptoms of transfusion reactions and outline appropriate escalation, reporting, and post-incident management steps.
Apply good manufacturing practice (GMP) principles and laboratory standards to ensure the safety, quality, and traceability of transfusion processes.
Discuss the importance of obtaining informed consent and how to manage refusal or specific patient considerations (e.g. religious objections).
Evaluate the use of alternatives to transfusion such as cell salvage, iron therapy, tranexamic acid, and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents.
Understand the national guidelines, documentation requirements, and quality assurance measures underpinning transfusion safety in UK healthcare.
Adopt a risk-aware, patient-centred approach to transfusion practice, incorporating communication, legal compliance, and ethical decision-making.